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Publius: The Journal of Federalism 1984 14(1):21-38;
© 1984 by CSF Associates Inc.
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Federalism and Modernization: Canada and the United States

Milton J. Esman
Cornell University

Since World War II, the federal systems in the United States and Canada have moved in opposite directions: the U.S. has become increasingly centralized, while the provinces in Canada have gained power at the expense of Ottawa. These divergences can be explained by such societal factors as economic structures, international commitments, and locations of minority populations; and by institutional factors, such as the number of constituent units, methods by which provincial authorities are represented in federal legislatures, and especially by the contrast between Canada's Westminster-type institutions and the U.S. separation of powers. These differences are illustrated by intergovernmental fiscal processes, energy policies, and federal-municipal relations. They cannot be accounted for by modernization theories, but rather by economic structures, demographic distributions, and especially constitutional and institutional arrangements.


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